In Ireland until as recently as 1996, they had what were called the Magdalena Asylums, where women were sent, separated from society for things like having babies out of wedlock, and flirting with boys. At the asylum they were stripped of all belongings, money, integrity, and treated like whores. They were forced to do laundry and humiliated by catholic nuns. They were beaten when they broke the rules. They were beaten for having sexual thoughts. They were taught that things like sexuality, and suicide were immoral. Of course the women who worked there-the nuns- followed and believed these rules almost blindly.
I am frustrated by this sex and violence mindset. why is sex not ok, and violence ok? why is it ok to beat, demoralize, and physically harm one another, but love one another openly such a demoralizing crime? what is the western religions reasoning for feeling that sex is such a crime? And only aloud within marriage? What is this designed to control? Create order among chaos? And marriage? what is marriage designed to control? our natural tendency towards being poly-amorous?
The violent mindset prevails still today in this country (military state). And sexuality still several steps in the dark. Children are forbidden to watch sexual scenes on TV, yet allowed to watch violence on network prime time tv. Sex on TV is saved for the late night hours, when the kids are asleep and it's way past dark. Thus promoting sex as something that must occur in the darkest most recesses of our day.
Sunday, February 11, 2007
Thursday, February 8, 2007
Homophobia, ALIVE and WELL
Last night my best friend and I had dinner. Unfortunately she lives in a different city, on a different coast, than I do, and we get together now maybe 3 or 4 times a year, if we're lucky. But there was a time, in our youth, in our past when we got to spend a lot of time together, growing, learning about our own identity, and the diversity that life has to offer. We were both fortunate enough to come of age together in this way in a city blessed with diversity. And now that we're separated, because we're also both blessed with the explorer-gene, can't sit still, and couldn't stay in that small liberal city, when I see her I am reminded of how often I forget how much homophobia we really have to swallow on a daily basis, out here in the real world.
Growing up in middle and working class neighborhoods of northern California, we were both, like most, exposed to extreme traditional views: get an education, get married, have children. And everything else that goes along with it, buy a house, work a 9 to 5, be a hard working mule doing an honorable job, and once married of course, stay together at whatever the cost. Both of our parents are still married. This is a simplified version of the truth, obviously, as I am short on time, as usual, but basically we were spoon fed this conservstive mind-set, which many people eat up and never question. Luckily for us, somehow, we got out.
We were freed from Suburbia, and let loose into the wild jungle, where we were educated on things like Racism, Sexism and Homophobia, and then some. We were taught to think outside of the tiny box we were expected to fit into. We were allowed to have thoughts different from the norm, individual thought. For me this was a life changing period in my life putting everything into my life into perspective. Making everything in my life a matter of politics. And changing my path for the rest of my life.
Today, although I live in this big city of Los Angeles, I am aware of the repression around me, and in this country. We are moving slowly forward on things like Racism and Sexism. Today in America there are several Black channels, and in Los Angeles there are Latino channels, Korean, Philipino, Arabic and Indian channels. We are becoming more and more aware of races, different cultures. We are also learning to appreciate more and more women in the workforce, making a living, yet still expected to raise children. We are exposed to more gay lifestyles on TV. Yes. BUT, I still meet everyday homophobic people. And as my best friend pointed out, it's now politically incorrect to say racist remarks. People in this country are now, increasingly, VERY CAREFUL about saying anything racist, or prejudice based on color at least in the presence of someone of color or a different culture. HOWEVER, this do not hold true regarding HOMOPHOBIA. It is, it seems, increasingly so perhaps even, socially accepted, if not EXPECTED to be homophobic. People are revered and respected when they reveal their homophobic views. People are applauded when the talk negatively about gays. It is socially appreciated to be homophobic. People of all races, people who have experienced racism, sexism, prejudice based on weight, height, disability or other are homophobic. We are expected to stand up against racism, but there is something inherently wrong with us if we take a stand against homphobia. Gay or not. What people fail to recognize is that as long as we are homophobic, or prejudice to anyone regarding anything that has to do with human variation then racism, sexism, or prejudice towards differences will continue to exist.
There was a study. About homophobia. The long of the short basically, the results: The ones that tended to be homophobic are the ones who were more turned on by homosexual stimuli. How's that for you America? By being homophobic and by preaching heterosexuality, you are really just telling on yourself, that you are afraid of your own feelings towards the same sex. Proving thus that HOMOSEXUALITY is a NATURAL phenomenon of human nature. That so many more people than are ready to admit to it are out there hiding it, lying about it, defacing it and living their life in the shadows of the bible, tradition and society. AFRAID to admit, and worse covering up their feelings by DISCRIMINATING those who are openly gay. Sad. Sad. Sad people indeed.
For this reason, I have dedicated my life to the promotion of ALL things having to do with sexuality. I strongly believe that at the core of discrimination are these gender defined roles and societal expectations, roles, rules and expectations who's boundaries cross all ethnicities and all cultures. The only thing that can cure world discrimination and prejudice has a little something to do with color, but has everything to do with our gender roles. And at the core of these roles you will find sexuality and the lack of openness to variations in sexuality is the cause of a lot of world pain.
Violence, and the state of the nation today. Parents don't talk to their children about sex. Parents turn the TV off during sex scenes, but sit with their children while watching COPS or some gory film like Blade. The message: Violence is ok. Sexuality is taboo. And, as my friend says, violence is ok, as America prepares its young boys for war. Yes. To join the military, The Military. Our country has become a military state. A violent military nation, who turns a blind eye when violence rears its ugly head and turns its back on education. Parents: talk to your kids about sex. Don't be afraid.
Growing up in middle and working class neighborhoods of northern California, we were both, like most, exposed to extreme traditional views: get an education, get married, have children. And everything else that goes along with it, buy a house, work a 9 to 5, be a hard working mule doing an honorable job, and once married of course, stay together at whatever the cost. Both of our parents are still married. This is a simplified version of the truth, obviously, as I am short on time, as usual, but basically we were spoon fed this conservstive mind-set, which many people eat up and never question. Luckily for us, somehow, we got out.
We were freed from Suburbia, and let loose into the wild jungle, where we were educated on things like Racism, Sexism and Homophobia, and then some. We were taught to think outside of the tiny box we were expected to fit into. We were allowed to have thoughts different from the norm, individual thought. For me this was a life changing period in my life putting everything into my life into perspective. Making everything in my life a matter of politics. And changing my path for the rest of my life.
Today, although I live in this big city of Los Angeles, I am aware of the repression around me, and in this country. We are moving slowly forward on things like Racism and Sexism. Today in America there are several Black channels, and in Los Angeles there are Latino channels, Korean, Philipino, Arabic and Indian channels. We are becoming more and more aware of races, different cultures. We are also learning to appreciate more and more women in the workforce, making a living, yet still expected to raise children. We are exposed to more gay lifestyles on TV. Yes. BUT, I still meet everyday homophobic people. And as my best friend pointed out, it's now politically incorrect to say racist remarks. People in this country are now, increasingly, VERY CAREFUL about saying anything racist, or prejudice based on color at least in the presence of someone of color or a different culture. HOWEVER, this do not hold true regarding HOMOPHOBIA. It is, it seems, increasingly so perhaps even, socially accepted, if not EXPECTED to be homophobic. People are revered and respected when they reveal their homophobic views. People are applauded when the talk negatively about gays. It is socially appreciated to be homophobic. People of all races, people who have experienced racism, sexism, prejudice based on weight, height, disability or other are homophobic. We are expected to stand up against racism, but there is something inherently wrong with us if we take a stand against homphobia. Gay or not. What people fail to recognize is that as long as we are homophobic, or prejudice to anyone regarding anything that has to do with human variation then racism, sexism, or prejudice towards differences will continue to exist.
There was a study. About homophobia. The long of the short basically, the results: The ones that tended to be homophobic are the ones who were more turned on by homosexual stimuli. How's that for you America? By being homophobic and by preaching heterosexuality, you are really just telling on yourself, that you are afraid of your own feelings towards the same sex. Proving thus that HOMOSEXUALITY is a NATURAL phenomenon of human nature. That so many more people than are ready to admit to it are out there hiding it, lying about it, defacing it and living their life in the shadows of the bible, tradition and society. AFRAID to admit, and worse covering up their feelings by DISCRIMINATING those who are openly gay. Sad. Sad. Sad people indeed.
For this reason, I have dedicated my life to the promotion of ALL things having to do with sexuality. I strongly believe that at the core of discrimination are these gender defined roles and societal expectations, roles, rules and expectations who's boundaries cross all ethnicities and all cultures. The only thing that can cure world discrimination and prejudice has a little something to do with color, but has everything to do with our gender roles. And at the core of these roles you will find sexuality and the lack of openness to variations in sexuality is the cause of a lot of world pain.
Violence, and the state of the nation today. Parents don't talk to their children about sex. Parents turn the TV off during sex scenes, but sit with their children while watching COPS or some gory film like Blade. The message: Violence is ok. Sexuality is taboo. And, as my friend says, violence is ok, as America prepares its young boys for war. Yes. To join the military, The Military. Our country has become a military state. A violent military nation, who turns a blind eye when violence rears its ugly head and turns its back on education. Parents: talk to your kids about sex. Don't be afraid.
Monday, February 5, 2007
An Issue of Gender
A little addendum to the transgender info printed in an earlier blog. The information was taked from Dr. Ava Cadell's newsletter, an esteemed Sexologist in the field of sex therapy, sex education and sex work. I did want to clarify that there are different spellings. In her article she spells Transsexual with 2 "s"s. This actually refers to the Psychiatric field, and their spelling. The other spelling is Transexual, with 1 "s" which is a new and improved spelling by the Trans community itself in an attemp to "divorce the word from the realm of psychiatry and medicine and place it in the realm of identity." (wikipedia, 2006).
Also the word Transgender is almost a better word to use, as it subtracts sex and sexuality from the occasion and makes it an issue of Gender, not sex. Not to mention it includes others such as Crossdressers, dragkings/queens and the gender queer. So, it is more of an umbrella, all inclusive, politically correct term.
Also the word Transgender is almost a better word to use, as it subtracts sex and sexuality from the occasion and makes it an issue of Gender, not sex. Not to mention it includes others such as Crossdressers, dragkings/queens and the gender queer. So, it is more of an umbrella, all inclusive, politically correct term.
The Irony of Hetero-Phobia
I've seen it too many times before, and now I see it on TV. Hetero-phobia. It's a good thing that it is on TV, because the reality is that it does exist. TV is only portraying reality, but as real as it is, it is still ugly, and backwards. And makes me wanna cringe. Homosexuality, Gay, Lesbian, Bi-Sexual, Queer, Trans lifestyles are alternatives lifestyles, yes, still. The underdog, but the liberated underdog. Supposedly. The lifestyle the shirks the bible and tradition, and traditional roles for women and men, and in so many ways is such a brave lifestyle. Because there is still so much homophobia. Same-sexed couples cannot walk down the street holding hands, without there always being the fear of backlash, of hate. We all know this too well. But yet when straight people, whom we automatically expect to be homophobic, come in the presence of a homosexual individual whom we automatically expect to be more accepting and kinder because of being supposedly liberated, it's like this phenomenon of human nature occurs, the liberated nature of the homosexual person disappears, this person feels compelled to remind the hetero of the phobia they the homo has experienced, and an urge to blatantly flail and promote the alternative lifestyle, reminding the straight person of the liberation they are missing. It's true, in many ways the homosexual experiences a lot of the freedoms the heteros cannot, freedom from society's rules, whereas the hetero has freedoms the homosexual does not, marriage, walking down the street holding hands without the fear of fear. The heterosexual does not need to flaunt the freedom that everyone knows is theirs, whereas the homosexual has so much joy he/she wants to share with the rest of the world, but it comes across as hetero-phobia.
When in reality:
where is the liberation in the hetero-phobia?
The homosexual has had to learn to live with discrimination. Discrimination is suffering, depleting self esteem, the ego takes over and lashes out: hetero-phobia. Anger at the hetero-sexual world, where most homosexuals feel many heterosexuals are living a lie. If they would just come out, homophobia would slowly become erased. Eradicated into the past. Slowly. But, I am here to remind that hetero-phobia is not necesarily the answer. Befriend the opponent, join forces and unite, forget your self esteem, your ego and educate don't eliminate. That's my 2 cents for the day.
When in reality:
where is the liberation in the hetero-phobia?
The homosexual has had to learn to live with discrimination. Discrimination is suffering, depleting self esteem, the ego takes over and lashes out: hetero-phobia. Anger at the hetero-sexual world, where most homosexuals feel many heterosexuals are living a lie. If they would just come out, homophobia would slowly become erased. Eradicated into the past. Slowly. But, I am here to remind that hetero-phobia is not necesarily the answer. Befriend the opponent, join forces and unite, forget your self esteem, your ego and educate don't eliminate. That's my 2 cents for the day.
Monday, January 8, 2007
Gender and Sexuality
We live in an angry world. A lesbian tells her transsexual lover, a woman who suffers inherently because she feels as though she is in the wrong body: trapped essentially in the body of a woman on the outside when in fact she feels like a man inside, that this relationships is ill-fated because one is a lesbian, which by definition is a woman who loves women, and the other wants to be a straight man, hence no longer a woman loving women. "We are clearly different," she says. One hates men, the other wants to be a man. So the story goes.
We live in a political world with invisible lines and unspoken rules. A world where being a minority in and of itself does not cause one to inherit an empathic bone towards other minorities due to a similar difference of say gender choice, but where competition ensues regardless.
Gender confusion is one thing. Gender hatred another. Homophobia another. We can't accept one another for our egos, our baggage, our core schemas and beliefs get in the way, blur our visions and force us to hate. When we're only fighting different sides of the same coin: gender and sexuality.
The girl who is attracted to a girl, and the the girl who is attracted to a girl like a man would be, one could aruge from the lesbians point of view: that the transsexual is not accepting of homosexuality, wants to change her sex to that of the male gender and then live straight. This angers the girl who has turned her back on in many cases and is giving up the straight world. Since when did a transsexual fit into a heterosexual category is perhaps the lesbian confusion? To her, it's political. To the transsexual it's dysphoria and confusion through out life.
Remember we all have our own demons. No one else must live with them but us. The lesbian fights her own battle of homophobia and sexism, but must remember the path of reality for the transgender is just as much a part of the overall struggle and the big picture. The point is not to get so caught up in the physics of our views, but to read in between the lines and get your head out of the freezer.
We live in a political world with invisible lines and unspoken rules. A world where being a minority in and of itself does not cause one to inherit an empathic bone towards other minorities due to a similar difference of say gender choice, but where competition ensues regardless.
Gender confusion is one thing. Gender hatred another. Homophobia another. We can't accept one another for our egos, our baggage, our core schemas and beliefs get in the way, blur our visions and force us to hate. When we're only fighting different sides of the same coin: gender and sexuality.
The girl who is attracted to a girl, and the the girl who is attracted to a girl like a man would be, one could aruge from the lesbians point of view: that the transsexual is not accepting of homosexuality, wants to change her sex to that of the male gender and then live straight. This angers the girl who has turned her back on in many cases and is giving up the straight world. Since when did a transsexual fit into a heterosexual category is perhaps the lesbian confusion? To her, it's political. To the transsexual it's dysphoria and confusion through out life.
Remember we all have our own demons. No one else must live with them but us. The lesbian fights her own battle of homophobia and sexism, but must remember the path of reality for the transgender is just as much a part of the overall struggle and the big picture. The point is not to get so caught up in the physics of our views, but to read in between the lines and get your head out of the freezer.
Wednesday, December 20, 2006
Fighting all the time is tiring too.
It's not that we're not thinking about our sexuality, but everything slows down this time of year. We get caught up in conglomerate consumerized gift buying, because although it's money sucking monopoly of the Americans at it's finest and we know this, it's also a time for spending time with loved ones, catching up with old friends, bonding with co-workers, cheer and tidings. It's not that our political agendas have been turned off, it's just that some of us extreme left thinkers are also slightly family oriented with sentimental hearts, and we do care about our loved ones, and sometimes we need to rest our minds, our hearts too. Fighting all the time is tiring too.
And if the holidays are breaking your bank or your spirit (or both), remember it's the thought that counts. Just being there with some of these people in your life without spending a lot of money says a lot. (If they don't think it's enough, well then maybe it's a good time to take a break from them.) Do what you can, don't expect from others what you can't give back.
And for all the yucky feelings that come about this time of year, go with them. Spend some time alone with those feelings and accept them as part of your unique being.
So from all of us here at AboutBisexuality.blogspot.com, we wish you a very merry holiday.
I've got this energy beneath my feet
like something underground's gonna come up and carry me,
I've got this sentimental heart that beats
but I don't really mind (and) it's starting to get to me
-The Killers' Sams Town
And if the holidays are breaking your bank or your spirit (or both), remember it's the thought that counts. Just being there with some of these people in your life without spending a lot of money says a lot. (If they don't think it's enough, well then maybe it's a good time to take a break from them.) Do what you can, don't expect from others what you can't give back.
And for all the yucky feelings that come about this time of year, go with them. Spend some time alone with those feelings and accept them as part of your unique being.
So from all of us here at AboutBisexuality.blogspot.com, we wish you a very merry holiday.
I've got this energy beneath my feet
like something underground's gonna come up and carry me,
I've got this sentimental heart that beats
but I don't really mind (and) it's starting to get to me
-The Killers' Sams Town
Tuesday, December 12, 2006
Trannies Trannies Everywhere.....
Some education and confusion in terminology....
Transgender
Transgender is an umbrella term used to describe a wide range of identities. While so many of us take our gender identity for granted, others suffer with conflict and confusion living as one gender while feeling like another. This experience can lead individuals to isolation from family and friends for fear of being discovered, and often self-destructive behavior for being different. I believe it’s time to embrace people of all genders, learn to understand and accept their differences.
Knowledge equals power so let’s begin by learning some basic definitions:
Cross-dresser (CD) is someone who simply enjoys wearing clothes from the opposite gender. They may or may not be sexually stimulated by the act.
Drag Queen or Drag King is a cross-dresser who dresses for theatrical reasons, is often an impersonator and entertainer. They may or may not be sexually stimulated by the act.
Transvestite (TV) is a cross-dresser who is sexually stimulated by dressing up in clothes of the opposite gender.
Transsexual (TS) is a person who dresses as, desires to be and may undergo surgery to alter their body so that they can live their lives as the opposite gender.
Transman (FTM) refers to female-to-male transgender people.
Transwoman (MTF) refers to male-to-female transgender people.
Transgenderist (TG) describes someone who dresses and is living full-time in a new gender role, but they do not desire to have any physical body altering surgery.
Sex Reassignment Surgery (SRS) is the term for physiological gender surgery. Female to male (F2M) transsexuals have top surgery (double mastectomy) and bottom surgery (hysterectomy and reconstructive surgery) that will reshape the female body into a body with a male appearance. Male to female (M2F) receive hormones and have Vaginoplasty, a technique which turns the penile skin inside out creating the depth of a new vagina somewhere between 5-7 inches.
She-male is a male who chooses to have both male and female characteristics with the help of hormones and/or surgery, which differs from an intersexed individual, formerly called “hermaphrodite” who is born with ambiguous genitalia.
There are so many myths about transgender that I wanted to take this opportunity to separate some myths from fact.
One myth I’ve heard all too often is that transgender people are all gay when in fact,
sexual orientations among transgender people vary just as much as they do among non-transgender people. This is supported by the results of a study done by Dr. Wardell Pomeroy (co-author of the Kinsey Reports and director of the San Francisco based Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Sexuality, which found that 68% of cross dressing males were exclusively heterosexual in their preference, while only 50% of non-cross dressing males had an exclusively heterosexual orientation. Other misconceptions about cross-dressers are that those who experiment with wearing clothes of the opposite gender are automatically considered CD’s. Not so because they are not cross-dressing regularly or including cross-dressing into their daily lifestyle in public and at home.
Perhaps the biggest false impression is that a transvestite (TV) is a transsexual (TS) while the only similarity is that they both enjoy wearing clothing of the opposite gender, but for very different reasons. A (TV) can revert back to his male gender identity and sexuality even though he enjoys wearing feminine clothing, while a (TS) truly identifies with the opposite gender physically, emotionally and sexually and often feels like he is trapped in a woman’s body or vise versa.
The good news is that with the advent of the internet and media, there is more open-mindedness and most importantly, there is help for people who are suffering in silence from Gender Dysphoria, the clinical term for Transgenderism, which translates to Gender Confusion.
The better news is that there are happy, healthy transgender folks living in loving relationships and they like to be referred to as Gender-gifted with emphasis on not being confused, but simply having more options to choose from.
For an article on Issues of Countertransference in Therapy with Transgender Clients, written by Christine Milrod, M.A. go to: http://www.transgendercounseling.com/trans1.htm
For a therapist who specializes in transgender issues, go to http://www.transgendercounseling.com
Transgender, Transsexual, Crossdresser Counseling & Psychotherapy In Los Angeles
http://www.lagendercenter.com/
Role-playing and trying out different gender expressions can also be fun with Fantasy Playing Cards from www.fantasyplayingcards.com a great stocking stuffer and Valentines gift.
(Taken from Dr. Ava Cadell's Dec. 2006 Newsletter www.avacadell.com)
Transgender
Transgender is an umbrella term used to describe a wide range of identities. While so many of us take our gender identity for granted, others suffer with conflict and confusion living as one gender while feeling like another. This experience can lead individuals to isolation from family and friends for fear of being discovered, and often self-destructive behavior for being different. I believe it’s time to embrace people of all genders, learn to understand and accept their differences.
Knowledge equals power so let’s begin by learning some basic definitions:
Cross-dresser (CD) is someone who simply enjoys wearing clothes from the opposite gender. They may or may not be sexually stimulated by the act.
Drag Queen or Drag King is a cross-dresser who dresses for theatrical reasons, is often an impersonator and entertainer. They may or may not be sexually stimulated by the act.
Transvestite (TV) is a cross-dresser who is sexually stimulated by dressing up in clothes of the opposite gender.
Transsexual (TS) is a person who dresses as, desires to be and may undergo surgery to alter their body so that they can live their lives as the opposite gender.
Transman (FTM) refers to female-to-male transgender people.
Transwoman (MTF) refers to male-to-female transgender people.
Transgenderist (TG) describes someone who dresses and is living full-time in a new gender role, but they do not desire to have any physical body altering surgery.
Sex Reassignment Surgery (SRS) is the term for physiological gender surgery. Female to male (F2M) transsexuals have top surgery (double mastectomy) and bottom surgery (hysterectomy and reconstructive surgery) that will reshape the female body into a body with a male appearance. Male to female (M2F) receive hormones and have Vaginoplasty, a technique which turns the penile skin inside out creating the depth of a new vagina somewhere between 5-7 inches.
She-male is a male who chooses to have both male and female characteristics with the help of hormones and/or surgery, which differs from an intersexed individual, formerly called “hermaphrodite” who is born with ambiguous genitalia.
There are so many myths about transgender that I wanted to take this opportunity to separate some myths from fact.
One myth I’ve heard all too often is that transgender people are all gay when in fact,
sexual orientations among transgender people vary just as much as they do among non-transgender people. This is supported by the results of a study done by Dr. Wardell Pomeroy (co-author of the Kinsey Reports and director of the San Francisco based Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Sexuality, which found that 68% of cross dressing males were exclusively heterosexual in their preference, while only 50% of non-cross dressing males had an exclusively heterosexual orientation. Other misconceptions about cross-dressers are that those who experiment with wearing clothes of the opposite gender are automatically considered CD’s. Not so because they are not cross-dressing regularly or including cross-dressing into their daily lifestyle in public and at home.
Perhaps the biggest false impression is that a transvestite (TV) is a transsexual (TS) while the only similarity is that they both enjoy wearing clothing of the opposite gender, but for very different reasons. A (TV) can revert back to his male gender identity and sexuality even though he enjoys wearing feminine clothing, while a (TS) truly identifies with the opposite gender physically, emotionally and sexually and often feels like he is trapped in a woman’s body or vise versa.
The good news is that with the advent of the internet and media, there is more open-mindedness and most importantly, there is help for people who are suffering in silence from Gender Dysphoria, the clinical term for Transgenderism, which translates to Gender Confusion.
The better news is that there are happy, healthy transgender folks living in loving relationships and they like to be referred to as Gender-gifted with emphasis on not being confused, but simply having more options to choose from.
For an article on Issues of Countertransference in Therapy with Transgender Clients, written by Christine Milrod, M.A. go to: http://www.transgendercounseling.com/trans1.htm
For a therapist who specializes in transgender issues, go to http://www.transgendercounseling.com
Transgender, Transsexual, Crossdresser Counseling & Psychotherapy In Los Angeles
http://www.lagendercenter.com/
Role-playing and trying out different gender expressions can also be fun with Fantasy Playing Cards from www.fantasyplayingcards.com a great stocking stuffer and Valentines gift.
(Taken from Dr. Ava Cadell's Dec. 2006 Newsletter www.avacadell.com)
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